Analizando el rendimiento académico de estudiantes con necesidades diversas: estudio de revisión sobre intervenciones inclusivas
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Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la efectividad de distintos modelos de intervención inclusiva sobre el rendimiento académico de estudiantes con necesidades educativas diversas en contextos escolares ordinarios. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios empíricos y de revisión publicados en la última década, localizados en bases de datos especializadas en educación y ciencias sociales. Se aplicaron criterios de elegibilidad explícitos relacionados con el tipo de población, el contexto escolar, la descripción del modelo de intervención y la presencia de resultados de aprendizaje, y se llevó a cabo una síntesis narrativa que integró hallazgos cuantitativos y cualitativos. La revisión identificó modelos centrados en políticas inclusivas, prácticas de aula diferenciadas, apoyos mediados por pares, uso pedagógico de tecnologías y participación familiar, los cuales mostraron asociaciones positivas con el rendimiento académico cuando se articularon con formación docente continua, climas de aula cooperativos y recursos suficientes. Al mismo tiempo, la evidencia revisada puso de manifiesto experiencias de inclusión limitada, en las que la ausencia de apoyos especializados, la rigidez curricular y la escasa coordinación con las familias redujeron el impacto de las intervenciones en los logros de aprendizaje. En conjunto, el estudio concluyó que la inclusión educativa mejoró el rendimiento académico del alumnado con necesidades educativas diversas cuando se concibió como un proceso integral de transformación de las políticas, las culturas escolares y las prácticas pedagógicas, y evidenció la necesidad de investigaciones más rigurosas y contextualizadas que profundizaran en los factores que condicionaron dicha efectividad.
This study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of different inclusive intervention models on the academic achievement of students with diverse educational needs in mainstream school settings. A systematic review of empirical and review studies published over the last decade was conducted, drawing on specialised education and social science databases. Explicit eligibility criteria were applied regarding the type of population, the school context, the description of the intervention model and the presence of learning outcomes, and a narrative synthesis was carried out that integrated quantitative and qualitative findings. The review identified models focused on inclusive policies, differentiated classroom practices, peer-mediated supports, pedagogical use of technologies and family participation, which showed positive associations with academic achievement when combined with continuous teacher professional development, cooperative classroom climates and adequate resources. At the same time, the evidence reviewed revealed experiences of limited inclusion, in which the lack of specialised support, rigid curricula and weak coordination with families reduced the impact of interventions on learning outcomes. Overall, the study concluded that inclusive education improved the academic achievement of students with diverse educational needs when it was conceived as a comprehensive process of transformation of policies, school cultures and pedagogical practices, and highlighted the need for more rigorous and context-sensitive research that deepened the understanding of the factors that conditioned such effectiveness.
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